In this study, the hybrid corona-dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment was employed to modify the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of a half-knitted fabric composed of 92% polyamide 6.6 and 8% elastane (PA). These properties of the fabric were evaluated by the water contact angle, x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques. In addition, the dyeing and washing processes were also investigated. A significant reduction of the contact angle was observed for plasma-treated PA. Infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that C-H, N-H, and N-O groups in PA increased after plasma treatment, explaining the improved coloring strength for the plasma-treated samples when dyed with reactive and acid dyes. A better fixation of dye was also observed after the atmospheric plasma treatment. Furthermore, dyeing with a basic and acid dye caused the dyeability increases for the plasma-treated sample compared with the untreated sample.

ABSTRACT Carbon fiber/phenolic resin composites have long been used as ablative materials in rocketry. Ablation is a complex multiscale problem where radiative and convective heating leads to the pyrolysis of phenolic resin matrix, resulting in the formation of a porous insulation char as thermal protection. This study investigates the shear properties evolution during the heat treatment of a carbon fiber/phenolic resin nozzle extension entrance (exit cone) which is part of an integrated nozzle of launching and sounding vehicles, developed at the Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (SP), Brazil. Specimens of the material (carbon fiber/phenolic resin composite) were subjected to heat treatment at 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000°C, and measurements of shear strength and shear modulus were performed using the Iosipescu mode. Experimental data were compared with the results obtained theoretically. Also, morphological analysis was accomplished by optical microscopy and the observation of fractured surfaces, by scanning electron microscopy. Significant morphological changes in the microstructure after heat treatments were observed. The lowest value for shear strength obtained experimentally was 4.05 MPa, which is greater than the ultimate value obtained analytically (2.35 MPa), fulfilling its structural function during the propulsion time.

ABSTRACT: Composite materials are vastly employed in rocket nozzle extensions and as thermal protection shields in aerospace industry. In both cases, ablative and thermal properties play an important role for material choice and equipment sizing. These properties are strongly dependent on the way the pieces are manufactured. For the case of nozzle extensions, wrapping is the most common technique employed, which can be done by diverse ways. In this work, samples of the carbon reinforced carbon fiber (CRCF) were extracted from pre-forms obtained by biased and parallel tape wrapping processes with a resol-type phenolic resin used as polymer matrix, in order to study the influence of the fiber angle in the ablative behavior and thermal conductivity. Experimental results for both manufacturing techniques were obtained through ablation tests carried out in a plasma torch, were compared and had the different behaviors discussed. A computational simulation based in a two-front ablation model was also performed, in order to explain the influence of thermal conductivity on the different behaviors presented for biased fiber samples. Results show that the angle of the fibers relative to the heat flux direction is an important parameter to determine the ablative properties and the thermal performance of composite wrapped structures.

Os corantes naturais foram amplamente utilizados de forma artesanal até antes do surgimento dos corantes sintéticos. O estudo e uso dos corantes naturais voltaram a ter importância nestes últimos anos devido aos questionamentos dos organismos internacionais da saúde e dos consumidores pelo uso indiscriminado dos corantes sintéticos, ligados ao desenvolvimento de doenças degenerativas e ao impacto ambiental. O corante extraído do milho roxo (Zea mays L.) tem sido utilizado ao longo da história pela civilização Inca na preparação de alimentos e no tingimento de fibras têxteis. Neste trabalho, os pigmentos do grupo das antocianinas foram extraídos das variedades de milho roxo e do milho vermelho (Z. mays L.) e depois foram caracterizados. Três métodos de extração foram utilizados: imersão, lixiviação com algumas modificações e extração supercrítica (ESC). O melhor método para extração foi o da lixiviação que alcançou 88% (m/m) de rendimento, em função da massa do corante extraído e da matéria-prima. Também utilizando a lixiviação modificada, foi possível concentrar em 3% os compostos acilados, assim como recuperar 85% dos solventes utilizados. Um indicador de pH foi obtido pela fixação das antocianinas num papel de filtro, com base na estabilidade das antocianinas, ferramenta que pode ser utilizada em laboratórios de ensino de química.

Natural colorants were craftly made and widely used before the discovery of the synthetic colorants. The study and the use of natural colorants have become important again in the last few years due to questions raised by the international health organizations and consumers related to the indiscriminate use of synthetic colorants which were linked to the development of degenerative illnesses and environmental impact. The colorant extracted from purple corn (Zea Mays L.) was used by the Inca civilization to prepare food and to dye textile fibers. In this work, pigments from the anthocyanin group were extracted from purple corn and red corn (Zea Mays L.) varieties and were later characterized. Three extraction methods were used: immersion, lixiviation with some changes, and supercritical extraction (ESC). The best method of extraction was lixiviation, which reached 88% (m/m) of performance as a function of the mass of colorant extracted and of the raw materials. Also using the modified lixiviation it was possible to concentrate the acylate compounds in 3% as well as to recover 85% of solvent used. A pH indicator was obtained by fixing the anthocyanins on a filter paper based on anthocyanins stabilization. This technique can be utilized in laboratory chemistry lessons.

La creciente preocupación por el desarrollo sustentable unido al aumento de la concienciación relacionada con la preservación del medio ambiente han impulsado investigaciones científicas en diversas áreas que utilizan tecnologías ambientalmente aceptables. Dentro de este contexto la tecnología de aplicación de plasma frío representa una alternativa eficiente, limpia y económica para la remoción de aceites en superficies metálicas. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en medir la remoción del aceite de la superficie del aluminio utilizando el proceso de plasma frío. Para evaluar estos resultados se realizaron medidas de ángulo de contacto y XPS. Este trabajo trata sobre el tipo de modificación que se produce sobre superficies metálicas por la acción de plasmas.

The increasing concern about sustainable development together with a stronger awareness regarding the preservation of the environment has stimulated research in most diverse areas using friendly environmental technologies. In this context cold plasma technology represents an efficient, clean and economic alternative for oil removal from metal surfaces. The objective of this work is to evaluate oil removal of an aluminum surface by cold plasma process. The evaluation of the cleanness was made by means of contact angle analysis and XPS. The type of modification that takes place on metallic surfaces by the plasma action is studied.

Granular systems composed by nanostructured magnetic materials embedded in a non-magnetic matrix present unique physical properties that depend crucially on their nanostructure. In this work, we have studied the structural and magnetic properties of NiZn-ferrite nanoparticles embedded in SiO2, a granular system synthesized by sol-gel processing. Samples with ferrite volumetric fraction x ranging from 6% to 78% were prepared, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. Our results show the formation of pure stoichiometric NiZn-ferrite in the SiO2 matrix for x < 34%. Above these fraction, our samples presented also small amounts of Fe2O3. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the superparamagnetic behaviour of the ferrimagnetic NiZn-ferrite nanoparticles. The combination of different ferrite concentration and heat treatments allowed the obtaintion of samples with saturation magnetization between 1.3 and 68 emu/g and coercivity ranging from 0 to 123 Oe, value which is two orders of magnitude higher than the coercivity of bulk NiZn-ferrite.

No presente estudo, foi avaliada a introdução de métodos de análises de micro-estrutura de fibras celulósicas. O algodão utilizado, proveniente das variedades IAC 17, IAC 19 e IAC 20, foi colhido em dez localidades do ensaio regional de variedades do Estado de São Paulo, no ano agrícola de 1985/86. Amostras de fibras de viscose, rami e rami tratado quimicamente com ácido clorídrico, também foram usadas, a fim de estabelecer uma relação entre os dois sistemas de determinação dos índices de cristalinidade. Utilizaram-se os métodos empíricos de difratometria de raios X e espectroscopia de infravermelho para as determinações dos índices de cristalinidade: o obtido por espectroscopia de infravermelho permitiu a diferenciação de variedades de algodoeiro IAC, enquanto o proposto por difratometria de raios X não possibilitou essa diferença. As propriedades físicas das fibras de variedades de algodoeiro IAC não se correlacionaram com os índices de cristalinidade obtidos nos dois processos. Os métodos usados para a determinação de tais índices foram altamente correlacionados (r = 0,95), empregando-se amostras de celulose com tratamento diferenciado.

The purpose of this work was to develop analytical techniques for structural characterization of cellulosic fibers. To establish a relationship between the two methods that determine crystallinity index, three varieties of cotton (IAC 17, IAC 19, and IAC 20) and fibers of viscose, rami and rami chemical treated were used. Two empirical methods, x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, were used to evaluate the crystallinity index. Differentiation of IAC cotton varieties was possible with the crystallinity index obtained by infrared spectroscopy; but, not with the x-ray diffraction method. The crystallinity index obtained by these two methods had no correlation with physical properties of cotton fibers. When cellulose fibers with different treatment were assayed, there was a high correlation (r = 0.95) between the two methodologies used for the determination of crystallinity index.